Kratie, Cambodia – At the dolphin ticket office there is a tattered page stuck to the wall calling on readers to save dolphins as part of “Cambodia’s splendid natural heritage”.
It says, “building dams destroy habitats” and lists threats to dolphins, including pollutions and gillnets. It looks like an insect-eaten papyrus.
The Irrawaddy dolphin is a critically endangered species. The largest of the five remaining population groups lives here, in a stretch of the Mekong River near Kratie (pronounced Krah-che) in northeast Cambodia.
The government and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimate there are currently 92 dolphins nearby – a slight uptick in the steady decline since 200 were counted in 1997.
They surface like submarines as the sun sets, turning the sky blood red and gold. They expel water from their blowholes, sounding like disgruntled horses.
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| Fishermen are discouraged from using techniques that involve electricity [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
On the bank, Sey Inn clasps his hands behind his back, watching the scene. He was born in Kratie in 1945.
“There were one or two thousand dolphins when I was young,” he says. “The bombing during the [Vietnam] war killed a lot. And the heavy fishing.”
There are no estimates of the number of dolphins killed during the war.
US forces thought Vietcong supplies were travelling via the northern Mekong and unloaded “2.7 million tonnes of explosives between 1964 and 1975”, according to a study on the “demographic collapse” of the dolphins by the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.
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| NGOs have been trying to raise awareness over the threats to the Irrawaddy dolphin [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
It wasn’t just the impact that would have killed them. A 2014 paper by Dr Isabel Beasley says “toothed whales (ie dolphins) have extremely sensitive hearing, and a complex sonar system used for foraging, navigating and communicating.”
The “audio trauma” from the explosions may cause death and the “interruption of feeding, breeding [and] nursing”.
Noisy disturbances continue today as tourist boats congest the surface of the river where the Kratie population feed.
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| Residents say there were thousands of dolphins before the bombing of Vietnam [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
“When they see the boat, the dolphins pyeeuu!” says boat driver Sun Kung, miming an animal in flight.
Some tour guides now offer kayaking as a safer alternative.
Dieb Socheat, known as “Lucky”, owns a kayak tour company in Kratie.
“When I was young in the 1980s, everyone had guns and no one was protecting the dolphins,” he says. “People hunted them with guns and dynamite for food and to get their oil.”
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| Heavy fishing has also added threats to the Irrawaddy dolphin [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
Lucky says the increase in dolphin numbers, from 80 to 92 individuals in two years, is due to awareness campaigns by NGOs and government.
“They encouraged people to quit chucking dynamite into the water and using harsh gillnets.”
However, some people still dangle live jump leads in the water, electrocuting mass numbers of fish.
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| Patrols of the river have increased [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
Savuth Dong, chief of the provincial department of environment of Kratie Province, is concerned.
“We have increased river guards,” he says. “They look out for fishermen still using electricity and the WWF also [patrol] once or twice a week.”
Dong says his department also runs a programme encouraging people “to only catch fish for food” and avoid commercial trawling. “So there will be fish left for the dolphins to eat.”
But there won’t be fish for the dolphins or locals if a dam gets built north of Kratie, according to analysts.
The [dolphin] population may become locally extinct from the Mekong River.
Natural Heritage Institute report
The Sambor Hydropower Dam is currently in the planning stages, a joint venture of the Cambodian government and the China Southern Power Grid Company.
It would be 18km wide, create a reservoir 82km long, and bisect “perhaps the largest annual migration of fish biomass on the planet”, according to a report by the Natural Heritage Institute (NHI), tasked with assessing alternatives to the dam.
It would be capable of generating 2,600 megawatts of electricity, just over the current consumption of the whole country.
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| There are fewer than 100 Irrawaddy dolphins in the river now [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
This ought to create a surplus of energy for export – a good money spinner for this lower-middle-income nation.
However, disruptions to fish spawning grounds and the “capture of most sediments and nutrients that maintain and replenish the morphology of the Mekong Delta and nourish the food web”, could have devastating effects, the NHI report says.
There will be “a cumulative decline in harvestable biomass below the dam in the range of 45 percent”.
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| Experts are worried that a new dam will wipe out the species [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
As for the dolphins, “the population may become locally extinct from the Mekong River,” the report adds.
Fish makes up about 20 percent of the Cambodian diet and 80 percent of animal protein intake, according to WWF.
As for the society and the economy, the estimated toll from the Sambor dam and others planned in Laos will likely be in the billions.
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| Irrawaddy dolphins spend most of their time foraging. They are neither particularly active nor acrobatic dolphins, but they do make low leaps on occasion, according to WWF [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
Ministry of Environment spokesperson Neth Pheaktra declined to comment on the Sambor dam.
Savuth Dong, a former fisher himself, can only wait for the higher-ups to take a decision.
“The dam will impact the dolphins and fish,” he said, adding that he would prefer an alternative means of generating electricity.
NHI presented a solar power alternative to Sambor dam to the Cambodian government as part of its report. But director Gregory Thomas says the solution is blocked.
There is a profound disconnect between responsible resource management and alleviating poverty. This takes a heavy toll on fresh-water dolphins.
Courtney Work, assistant professor
Investors would need to receive a higher tariff to justify their investment in the solar power plant, he says.
“The current tariff is 6.9 US cents per kilowatt hour. The NHI team estimates that the solar retrofit would be economical at about 7.5 cents.”
And second, Electricite du Cambodge, which would buy the power from the plant’s Chinese owners, is sceptical.
“[They are] concerned about the effects of integrating this power on the stability of the national grid,” Thomas says.
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| Banned fishing techniques using electricity or explosives can kill dolphins directly [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
The Cambodian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) is revising its power sector master plan for approval by Prime Minister Hun Sen in early 2019.
The solar power plant alternative “will probably not be on that revised master plan”, Thomas adds.
Victor Jona, director general of the MME, says the government is giving “due consideration of the environmental aspects” associated with the Sambor dam proposal.
“NHI has given a recommendation of solar power as an alternative to the dam but other developers have different arguments … We will weigh our need for development against environmental concerns.”
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Noisy disturbances can disrupt the dolphins, so kayak tours now take visitors instead of loud boats [Nathan Thompson/Al Jazeera] |
The term “development” can mean different things in Cambodia.
NGOs and United Nations agencies equate it with liberal democratic values such as empowering women, improving education. The government and investors see it as creating in Cambodia the kind of wealth and lifestyle enjoyed by so-called developed nations.
“There is a profound disconnect between responsible resource management and alleviating poverty,” says Courtney Work, assistant professor at the Department of Ethnology at National Chengchi University, Taipei. “This takes a heavy toll on fresh-water dolphins and all the other non-human members of our population who are not included in our calculations.”
The boat drivers in Kratie total-up the day’s takings. Together they took 20 boatloads of tourist out to see the dolphins. They were easy to find now the rainy season is over.
They are sheltering in a few deep pools in the riverbed as the dry season rolls in, scorching the banks and shrivelling the river.
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